The goal of this job is to study the effect regarding reproduce and you will age towards egg creation plus the egg additional and you may interior high quality into the four Italian dual-mission breeds , at the beginning and some weeks later on than very first months installing interest you to occurred, correspondingly, at the end of june/start of autumn and in winter, significantly less than variable environment requirements.

2.step 1. Dogs and you may Rearing Criteria

Four Italian chicken breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you may Robusta Lionata (RL), were felt towards data. The body weight of adult people try step 1.twenty five kg in the PP, dos.29 kilogram for the Emergency room and you may 3.05 kilogram in the RM and RL. Their supply is the Veneto area (Italy): PP is an old local breed; its resource is old back once again to the newest XIX century, however, zero particular investigation to the their hereditary supply occur. The other breeds are created from inside the Veneto inside 1950s: brand new Er reproduce comes from Sussex (tinted eggshell reproduce) and you will Rhode Area (brown eggshell reproduce) types, while towards the RM and you may RL breeds, Brownish Orpington and you can White America, a couple brownish eggshell breeds were used . Along with the adult body weight, such breeds differ within their plumage the colour: it is fantastic within the PP, Emergency room suggests erminate plumage, RM plumage is mostly light having black colored extremities in lots of nations of looks, black feathers of primaries and tail and you may RL suggests a great tawny plumage that have black colored feathers out-of primaries and you may end. All the breeds (Profile S1) inform you solitary comb and you can put shaded eggshell eggs (Contour S2).

dos. Content and techniques

Birds of each breed hatched meanwhile (second half from e farm of Center for Poultry Biodiversity Conservation in the Veneto area (they routinely offers up the fresh rearing of those types too when it comes to eggs manufacturing getting incubation and you may brooding), into the Northern Italy (45°02?53? N), regarding hatching into pubertal many years and you will throughout the installing months, and therefore started regarding the avoid out of summer towards start of trip (Profile step one), depending on the breed. Giving, rearing standards (photoperiod, temperature) and you will prophylaxis tips were a comparable for the four breeds, since from hatching into end of the read several months, which had been during the , at 53 months of age. The new recently hatched chicks was remaining inside from inside the basic cuatro weeks off lifetime, from the an ecological temperatures coming down away from thirty-two to 24 °C, less than infra-red-colored radiation lights, into the litter. In the step 1.5 days of age, the newest wild birds got 100 % free accessibility outside areas, off spring so you can trip and you will cold temperatures. For every breed (sixty hens) got 100 % free use of outside (5 yards dos /bird) room (equipped with linear drinkers), in which the hens resided all day long, and indoor (cuatro hens/meters 2 ) room (wood shavings and you may straw litter, which have perches and you will rounded feeders), mainly utilized getting laying egg (cumulative nests) at night; the bedroom (indoor and you can outside) offered to for every single breed was separated because of the netting.

At the beginning of installing (around 22 months of age on breed having prior to onset of installing), inside Sep–Oct, with regards to the reproduce, the fresh new photoperiod is actually absolute and you can decreasing, according to seasons plus the geographic updates of one’s trial route when you look at the North Italy (an average of, 12L:12D), and for the 2nd months (away from 38 weeks of age, of December to 53 months of age), phony white try gradually hitta en italiensk brud increased (during the indoor place, filament-based bulb, on 60 lux) to get a photoperiod from 14L:10D. The fresh photoperiod is controlled from the a timer, also it was accomplished by flipping on the brand new white one hour prior to dawn and you will shutting off it an hour or so shortly after sunset. New additional environment temperatures was 10 ± step three.cuatro °C and you will eleven ± step 3.0 °C, respectively, with the first (right from the start out-of October toward end off November) therefore the next (right away regarding January for the avoid out-of March) installing symptoms, in the event the analysis towards yield overall performance and you may egg top quality have been compiled. The new animals got post libitum commercial feeds according to the mental phase (three varied commercial feeds from inside the broadening period). With the very first installing stage (26–33 days old, around decreasing absolute photoperiod), if types started laying, the fresh birds were given a professional pelleted offer (PG = 16%, Myself = eleven.8 MJ/kg, Ca = step 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you will maize (PG = 9.1%, Me personally = thirteen.eight MJ/kg), within a ratio of 1:step 1. It is worthy of remembering one to, at that age, just the dual-mission and you may shaded eggshell breeds presented a variable onset of laying and you may eggs development price, while the hens belonging to the almost every other kinds of the new Conservation Centre getting Biodiversity and hatched meanwhile of one’s read breeds, such as the white eggshell breeds, don’t initiate putting (Padovana breed) or they showed a very light installing craft (Polverara breed), never ever achieving the endurance of 10% hen–day egg development. The reason for the choice of the brand new Preservation Center, to not ever have fun with a rss for laying hens through the this era, was because of maybe not forcing the new pullets to egg manufacturing throughout the a period having decreasing heat and photoperiod. Brand new birds became outdoors, under favourable standards to own skeletal fitness, walking on floor and you will significantly less than solar light. Regarding the outdoor area for each and every breed, the current presence of lawn accessible to this new birds try large while in the new increasing period than just at onset of installing, hence taken place adopting the summer season, if precipitation try scarce and you will didn’t support an excellent turf regrowth. Away from 38 to help you 53 weeks old, and you will under increasing photoperiod, brand new hens was fed a professional pelleted provide to possess putting (PG = 16%, Me personally = 11.5 MJ/kilogram, California = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). All of the nourishes consisted mainly regarding maize and you will soybean.